that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the Red Sea's coast, as well as others along the Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean, including modern-day Pakistan's Sindh region and India's



The passage has been given to several dates between the first and third centuries, but the most widely accepted date is now the mid-first century. While the author is unknown, it is apparent that it is a firsthand account by someone who knows the area, and it is practically unique in providing accurate insights into what the ancient Hellenic civilization knew about the lands around the Indian Ocean.